The tissue that is below its usual level allows the seepage of material along its course.
Mucus is produced by cells in the area to ease the passage of stool. When the hemorrhoids come down the mucus is spread over the area causing itching. This promotes the growth of fungus in the area that also contributes to the itching.
As the suspending muscles and tissue degrade the veins become engorged because they are dependent on the surrounding tissue for a small amount of pressure to help blood return. They now become exposed and thinned out such that any hard stool or straining can cause bleeding. The bleeding is usually painless, bright red and can be copious. The bleeding is distressing, can lead to anemia (low hemoglobin level), as well needless repeated investigations.
Hemorrhoids can cause pain and discomfort. Very sharp pain with defecation is usually due to an anal fissure, and severe pain lasting days is usually due to thrombosis.
When the hemorrhoidal tissue descends below the anal verge this is called prolapse. If the prolapsing tissue goes up without manual replacement the hemorrhoids are grade 2. If the hemorrhoids require manual replacement, in other words the patient has to push them back up by hand, they are called grade 3.
The straining that is frequently present helps to push the loosened tissue down to the anal canal and sometimes outside. The swelling will come and go often without any clear trigger.
Once in a while a blood clot can form in the veins. This causes severe swelling, is very painful and can last many days.
The anal canal and lower rectum are very sensitive, and the tissue that is now filling the space causes one to feel that a bowel motion is imminent. Even after defecation the sensation can persist due to the loosened floppy tissue.
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